Introduction

As AI data center rack power densities surge past 50kW, traditional air cooling is reaching its practical limits.

Performance Comparison

ParameterAir CoolingDirect-to-ChipImmersion
Max Rack Power25-40 kW50-100+ kW100-250+ kW
Typical PUE1.3-1.61.1-1.251.03-1.10

Conclusion

For most AI data centers, direct-to-chip liquid cooling currently represents the best balance of cooling capacity, compatibility, and cost.